How is affirmative action different from the concept of reparations as a way to address the effects of past discrimination?

Clear affirmative action means someone must take deliberate and specific action to opt in or agree to the processing, even if this is not expressed as an opt-in ... Jun 29, 2023 ... precise definition.” Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar, 575. U. S. ... Affirmative Action? 96 Cal. L. Rev. 1299, 1323 (2008); see, e.g., id ... The weaker justification for affirmative action is that it is a permissible, not obligatory, means of accomplishing an impor- tant social end. Even the weak ... For the purposes of affirmative action reporting, the following definitions apply: · Disability · Ethnicity · Protected Veteran Status · Race · Sex. Jun 29, 2023 ... Stanford scholars share their thoughts on what ending affirmative action means, and what universities can do next to tackle some of the problems affirmative ... There is no rigorous definition of affirmative action. This Article argues that this remarkable circumstance has distorted and undercut American ... Affirmative action is a set of specific, results-oriented programs and activities designed to correct underutilization of minorities and women in the workplace. Affirmative action refers to a set of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to address systemic discrimination. ... means, or any other unambiguous affirmative action. The term does not include: (A) acceptance of a general or broad terms of use or similar document that ... Second, on Fullinwider's definition, the site of affirmative action is limited to “areas of em- ployment, education, and culture from which women and minorities ...