What is a Run-Pass Option (RPO) in Football? A Comprehensive Guide

Here’s a comprehensive guide to Run-Pass Options (RPOs) in football, exploring its strategies, evolution, and impact on the game.

What is a Run-Pass Option (RPO) in Football?

A Run-Pass Option (RPO) in football is an offensive play where the quarterback has the option to either run the ball or pass it, based on a read of the defense, typically after the snap. The decision is made in real-time, making it a dynamic and challenging play for defenses to predict and counter.

The core idea of an RPO is to give the offense an advantage by forcing the defense to commit to either stopping the run or defending the pass, allowing the quarterback to exploit the resulting vulnerability. RPOs have become increasingly popular in both college and professional football due to their versatility and ability to create mismatches.

Understanding the Basic Mechanics of an RPO

At its core, an RPO combines elements of both running and passing plays. The offensive line typically blocks as if it’s a running play, while the wide receivers run pass routes. The quarterback then reads a designated defender, often a linebacker or safety, to determine whether to hand the ball off to the running back or throw a quick pass.

Pre-Snap Read: The quarterback may make a pre-snap read to identify the defensive alignment and potential weaknesses.
Post-Snap Read: The primary read occurs after the snap, where the quarterback focuses on a specific defender. If the defender moves towards the line of scrimmage to stop the run, the quarterback throws the pass. If the defender drops back to cover the pass, the quarterback hands off the ball for a run.
Quick Decision: The quarterback must make this decision quickly, often in a matter of seconds, to exploit the defensive reaction.

Example of a Simple RPO Play

Imagine a scenario where the offense lines up in a shotgun formation with a running back next to the quarterback and two receivers on each side of the field. The play called is a zone run with a bubble screen option on one side.

Offensive Line: The offensive line blocks as if it’s a zone run, creating running lanes for the running back.
Wide Receivers: The receivers on one side run a quick bubble screen, while the receivers on the other side run short routes to occupy the defensive backs.
Quarterback Read: The quarterback reads the outside linebacker. If the linebacker crashes down to stop the run, the quarterback throws the bubble screen to the receiver. If the linebacker stays wide to defend the pass, the quarterback hands off to the running back.

Variations of RPOs: Expanding the Offensive Arsenal

RPOs have evolved into numerous variations, each designed to exploit specific defensive tendencies. Some common types include:

Bubble Screen RPO: As described above, this involves a quick screen pass to a receiver on the perimeter.
Slant RPO: The quarterback reads a linebacker; if they crash, the quarterback throws a quick slant route to a receiver running across the middle.
Glance Route RPO: Similar to the slant, but the receiver runs a deeper “glance” route, typically targeting the safety.
Draw RPO: This play combines a quarterback draw with a passing option, often used to catch the defense off guard.
PRO (Pass/Run Option): While the term is nebulous, it generally refers to plays where the pass is prioritized, often involving draw plays or screen passes.
PPO (Pass/Pass Option): Involves the quarterback choosing between multiple passing options, often quick game plays such as screens or stick routes.

These variations provide offensive coordinators with a wide range of options to keep defenses guessing and create advantageous situations.

The Evolution of RPOs in Football

RPOs are not entirely new to football, but their widespread adoption and sophistication have increased significantly in recent years. Early forms of RPOs can be traced back to option offenses, where quarterbacks had the choice to run or pass based on defensive alignment.

However, the modern RPO era is often attributed to the spread offense revolution, particularly in college football. Coaches like Gus Malzahn and Chip Kelly popularized the use of RPOs to exploit defensive weaknesses and create high-scoring offenses.

The success of RPOs in college football led to their gradual adoption in the NFL. Teams like the Philadelphia Eagles, Kansas City Chiefs, and Baltimore Ravens have successfully integrated RPOs into their offensive schemes, showcasing their effectiveness at the professional level.

The Impact of RPOs on Defensive Strategies

The rise of RPOs has significantly impacted defensive strategies in football. Defenses must now account for the possibility of both a run and a pass on nearly every play, making it more challenging to predict and react to offensive formations.

Some common defensive strategies to counter RPOs include:

Read Keys: Defenders are trained to read specific offensive players to anticipate the quarterback’s decision.
Discipline: Defensive players must maintain discipline and avoid over-committing to either the run or the pass.
Hybrid Players: Defenses are increasingly utilizing hybrid players who can effectively defend both the run and the pass.
Coverage Schemes: Varying coverage schemes to confuse the quarterback and disrupt the timing of the passing game.

Key Players in RPO Offenses

Several key players are crucial for the successful execution of RPOs:

Quarterback: The quarterback is the central figure in an RPO offense, responsible for making quick and accurate reads, as well as executing both runs and passes. Quarterbacks like Patrick Mahomes, Lamar Jackson, and Jalen Hurts have thrived in RPO-heavy systems due to their dual-threat abilities.
Running Back: The running back must be a reliable ball-carrier with the ability to exploit running lanes created by the offensive line.
Offensive Line: The offensive line must be athletic and capable of run-blocking and pass-blocking effectively.
Wide Receivers: Wide receivers must be able to run precise routes and make quick catches in space, particularly on screen passes.

The Future of RPOs in Football

RPOs are likely to remain a significant part of football offenses for the foreseeable future. As defenses continue to adapt, offenses will continue to evolve their RPO schemes to stay one step ahead.

Some potential future developments in RPOs include:

More Complex Reads: Quarterbacks may be asked to make more complex reads, involving multiple defenders and route combinations.
Increased Use of Motion: Pre-snap motion and shifts could be used to create confusion and misdirection for the defense.
Integration with Other Offensive Concepts: RPOs may be further integrated with other offensive concepts, such as play-action passing and option runs.

Run-Pass Option (RPO) in Football: Detailed Breakdown

Run-Pass Option (RPO) has become a buzzword in modern football, revolutionizing offensive strategies at both the collegiate and professional levels. But what exactly is an RPO, and why has it become so prevalent? This comprehensive guide delves into the intricacies of RPOs, exploring their mechanics, variations, and impact on the game.

Understanding the Essence of RPOs

At its core, an RPO is an offensive play that provides the quarterback with the flexibility to choose between running the ball or passing it, based on a real-time evaluation of the defensive alignment and reaction. This decision-making process typically occurs after the snap, making it a dynamic and challenging play for defenses to anticipate.

The primary objective of an RPO is to exploit defensive vulnerabilities by forcing defenders to commit to either stopping the run or defending the pass. This creates opportunities for the quarterback to capitalize on mismatches and gain a strategic advantage.

The Mechanics of an RPO: A Step-by-Step Analysis

To fully grasp the concept of RPOs, it’s essential to understand the mechanics involved in executing these plays:

Pre-Snap Assessment: The quarterback begins by analyzing the defensive formation before the snap. This involves identifying the number of defenders in the box (the area near the line of scrimmage), the alignment of linebackers and safeties, and any potential blitz threats.
Play Execution: The offensive line executes a run-blocking scheme, while the receivers run pre-determined pass routes. This dual-threat approach creates uncertainty for the defense.
Post-Snap Read: The quarterback focuses on a designated “read” defender, typically a linebacker or safety. The quarterback’s decision hinges on this defender’s reaction.
Decision-Making: If the read defender aggressively attacks the line of scrimmage to stop the run, the quarterback pulls the ball and throws a quick pass to an open receiver. Conversely, if the defender drops back into coverage, the quarterback hands the ball off to the running back for a rushing attempt.
Execution: The quarterback must make a swift and decisive decision, executing either the handoff or the pass with precision and timing.

The Rise of RPOs: A Historical Perspective

While the concept of option plays has existed in football for decades, the modern RPO era gained prominence with the emergence of spread offenses in college football. Coaches like Gus Malzahn (formerly at Auburn) and Urban Meyer (formerly at Ohio State) were instrumental in popularizing RPOs, leveraging their versatility to create high-octane offenses.

The success of RPOs in the collegiate ranks eventually led to their adoption in the NFL. Teams like the Philadelphia Eagles under Doug Pederson, the Kansas City Chiefs under Andy Reid, and the Baltimore Ravens under John Harbaugh have effectively incorporated RPOs into their offensive playbooks, demonstrating their viability at the professional level.

Variations of RPOs: A Diverse Arsenal

RPOs are not a one-size-fits-all concept. Offensive coordinators have developed numerous variations to cater to different personnel and exploit specific defensive tendencies. Here are some common types of RPOs:

Bubble Screen RPO: The quarterback reads a defender and throws a quick screen pass to a receiver running towards the sideline.
Slant Route RPO: The quarterback reads a linebacker and throws a quick slant route to a receiver running across the middle of the field.
“Now” Screen RPO: A pre-snap read by the quarterback to punish off coverage by the cornerback with a quick toss outside.
Glance Route RPO: The quarterback reads a safety and throws a deeper “glance” route, targeting the area behind the linebackers.
Stick-Draw RPO: Combines a stick route (a short route where the receiver has the option to break inside or outside) with a quarterback draw.
QB Draw RPO: Pairs the threat of the pass with the QB run.
PRO (Pass/Run Option): Emphasizes the pass, often integrating draw plays or screen passes.
PPO (Pass/Pass Option): Involves the quarterback choosing between multiple passing options, like screens or stick routes.

Analyzing a Classic RPO: Tight Zone Glance Bubble

One of the basic forms of RPO’s is the “tight zone glance bubble”. The quarterback can read to either side of the field. The tight end is helping block on this play there are seven potential gaps for the RB to hit that the defense has to account for. But they have six guys in the box, so they need one extra guy.

If the nickel tries to play the edge outside of the tight end’s block, the quarterback can punish that by throwing a quick bubble screen to the H slot receiver. If the defense has the linebackers “rock back” towards the tight end and drops the free safety down to fit the gap the weakside linebacker is lined up across then the quarterback can throw it over his head to the X receiver on the glance route.

PRO (Pass/Run Option) Play

The most famous PRO is probably this drag screen/quarterback draw play that Oklahoma invented. The scheme is deadly simple. They run that slot receiver, Y in this instance, on a shallow or drag route across the middle underneath the linebackers. The other receivers feign like they’re running routes, mimicking the shallow cross combination, but they end up blocking downfield instead. The quarterback reads that weakside linebacker, if he chases the shallow screen then he can pull the ball and run into the vacated space. If he doesn’t, that screen tends to open up.

Quarterbacks Exceling in RPO Systems

RPOs require quarterbacks with a unique skill set, including:

Decision-Making: The ability to quickly process information and make sound decisions under pressure.
Accuracy: The ability to deliver accurate passes to receivers in tight windows.
Athleticism: The ability to run the ball effectively when the defensive alignment dictates it.

Some prominent quarterbacks who have thrived in RPO-based offenses include:

Patrick Mahomes (Kansas City Chiefs): Known for his exceptional arm talent and improvisational skills.
Lamar Jackson (Baltimore Ravens): Renowned for his remarkable running ability and playmaking prowess.
Josh Allen (Buffalo Bills): Exhibits a strong arm and the ability to make plays with his legs.
Jalen Hurts (Philadelphia Eagles): Excels in reading defenses and making quick decisions in the RPO game.

Addressing Challenges and Mitigating Risks

While RPOs offer numerous advantages, they also present certain challenges and risks. Some potential concerns include:

Ineligible Man Downfield: Offensive linemen must be careful not to advance too far downfield before the pass is thrown, as this can result in a penalty.
Defensive Adjustments: Defenses are continually evolving their strategies to counter RPOs, requiring offenses to adapt and diversify their play designs.
Quarterback Health: Quarterbacks who frequently run the ball are more susceptible to injuries, necessitating careful management of their workload.

The Enduring Appeal of RPOs

Despite these challenges, RPOs have become an integral part of modern football, and their popularity is likely to endure. As defenses continue to adjust, offenses will undoubtedly devise new and innovative ways to utilize RPOs, ensuring their continued relevance in the ever-evolving landscape of the game.

What Are The Benefits of an RPO?

Creates Uncertainty: An RPO can give an offense a great advantage because of the uncertainty it creates for defenses.
Versatility: RPO’s give offensive coordinators many options to keep the defense guessing.
Exploits Weakness: RPO’s allow the offense to exploit defenses weaknesses by capitalizing on mismatches and gaining a strategic advantage

The Future of RPOs

As football evolves, so too will the utilization of RPOs. Expect to see offenses continue to refine their RPO schemes, incorporating more complex reads, varied route combinations, and innovative blocking techniques.

RPOs have transformed the landscape of football, empowering quarterbacks with greater autonomy and challenging defenses to adapt and evolve. As the game continues to progress, RPOs are poised to remain a prominent and influential component of offensive strategy.

Understanding RPOs is essential for any football enthusiast, coach, or player looking to stay ahead of the curve. By grasping the concepts and techniques outlined in this guide, you’ll be well-equipped to appreciate the nuances of this exciting and ever-evolving aspect of the game.

Tight zone run with bubble screen and glance route pass options.

The Pass/Pass Option (PPO)

A Pass/Pass Option involves the quarterback choosing between multiple passing options, often quick game plays such as screens or stick routes.

The y-stick combination is going to tend to draw defenders to the wide side of the field and thus buy time for the offensive line to get out and lead block for the running back slip screen.

Conclusion

Run-Pass Options (RPOs) have revolutionized modern football, providing offenses with a versatile and dynamic approach to attacking defenses. By understanding the mechanics, variations, and key players involved in RPOs, fans, coaches, and players can gain a deeper appreciation for this exciting aspect of the game.

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FAQ About Run-Pass Options (RPOs)

Here are some frequently asked questions about Run-Pass Options (RPOs) in football:

1. What does RPO stand for in football?

RPO stands for Run-Pass Option. It’s an offensive play where the quarterback has the option to either run the ball or pass it based on a read of the defense.

2. How does a quarterback decide whether to run or pass in an RPO?

The quarterback reads a designated defender, usually a linebacker or safety. If the defender moves towards the line of scrimmage to stop the run, the quarterback throws a quick pass. If the defender drops back to cover the pass, the quarterback hands off the ball for a run.

3. What is a bubble screen RPO?

A bubble screen RPO involves a quick screen pass to a receiver on the perimeter. The quarterback reads a defender and throws the pass if the defender is out of position to cover the screen.

4. What is a slant RPO?

A slant RPO is where the quarterback reads a linebacker and throws a quick slant route to a receiver running across the middle of the field if the linebacker crashes down.

5. What is the difference between an RPO and a traditional option play?

In a traditional option play, the quarterback typically makes a decision before or immediately after the snap based on pre-determined reads. In an RPO, the quarterback’s decision is based on a real-time read of the defense after the snap.

6. What are some of the challenges of running RPOs?

Some challenges include avoiding ineligible man downfield penalties, adapting to defensive adjustments, and managing the quarterback’s workload to prevent injuries.

7. How have RPOs changed football?

RPOs have made offenses more versatile and difficult to defend, forcing defenses to account for both the run and the pass on every play.

8. What is a PRO in football?

PRO (Pass/Run Option) is a term used for plays where the pass is prioritized, often involving draw plays or screen passes.

9. What is a PPO in football?

PPO (Pass/Pass Option) involves the quarterback choosing between multiple passing options, such as screens or stick routes.

10. Where can I learn more about football strategies and tactics?

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