Why do photons and gluons remain massless?

We know today that the atom consists of a tiny (10-14 m) nucleus containing positive charges (protons) and neutral particles (neutrons), both of which consist ... The subject of the atom is one of the fundamental concepts of chemistry and holds a distinct ground with regard to chemistry instruction and learning. Dec 5, 2018 ... Atoms are composed of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are themselves composed of quarks. The ... Sep 14, 2021 ... An atom is about 10⁻10 m in size, while the nucleus, at 10⁻15 m, is 100,000 times smaller. To put this into perspective, if the nucleus were ... Of the familiar particles that make up the atom, the electron is a lepton. ... It holds quarks together to make protons, neutrons and more exotic large particles. The first subatomic particle to be identified was the electron, in 1898. Ten years later, Ernest Rutherford discovered that atoms have a very dense nucleus, ... Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons (ie, atomic number, "Z") but a different number of neutrons. Typically, an atom can be broken down into three subatomic particles, namely: protons, electrons, and neutrons. What are Subatomic Particles? For a long time, ... According to modern atomic theory, an atom has a nucleus, which is its center, or core. The nucleus contains subatomic particles: protons and neutrons. Protons ... Protons and Neutrons. Every atom of a particular element has the same number of protons. The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in an element. On ...