Can you name some important court cases that have shaped the legal landscape of affirmative action?

Jan 31, 2019 ... And in that sense, "affirmative action" involves the mandatory use of race-conscious measures in higher education to right the enduring wrongs ... Jun 1, 2014 ... Bollinger, diversity was defined as a “critical mass” of students from non-Asian minority groups [3]. And why has its meaning in Supreme Court ... Oct 16, 2018 ... Today in U.S. higher education, affirmative action refers to policies that give students from underrepresented racial groups an advantage in the ... Jan 13, 2020 ... “Affirmative” means: demonstrate that you did your best to find and promote members of underrepresented groups. You do not have to give them preferential ... Sep 6, 2016 ... DEFINITIONS: Affirmative applicant - an applicant who has identified that they are in a protected group (female, minority, individual with ... Affirmative action means taking positive, proactive, and preemptive steps to root out discrimination, rather than waiting for after-the-fact litigation. The fate of affirmative action based on race was officially sealed June 29, 2023 after the US Supreme Court ruled against the deliberate use of race by schools ... A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North America, and who maintains a tribal affiliation or community attachment. The agency uses the whole person rule to establish a hiring goal. This means when the actual representation percentage of women, racial/ethnic minorities, and ... Affirmative action programs are by definition temporary. It is important to distinguish them from other measures to promote equality, which should be permanent.