


What is the historical development of the ideal solution concept?
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what is ideal solution
- What is the Gibbs-Duhem equation and how does it apply to ideal solutions? How can vapor pressure measurements be used to assess solution ideality?
- What is the concept of ideal mixing in thermodynamics?
- What are the limitations of the Debye-Hückel theory? How do ion pairs and ion aggregates affect the ideality of electrolyte solutions?
- How are colligative properties related to ideal solutions?
- How is the concept of ideality extended to non-electrolyte solutions?
- What are the potential environmental impacts of different types of solvents? What are the principles of green chemistry related to the use of solvents?
- How do membrane separation techniques (e.g., dialysis, reverse osmosis) work?
- How does the composition of the vapor phase differ from the liquid phase in an ideal solution? What are boiling point elevation and freezing point depression for ideal solutions?
- What is the Soret effect and how does it relate to temperature gradients in solutions? What is the Dufour effect and how does it relate to concentration gradients and heat flow?
- How are solutions purified?
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