



Directly from the soil What is the pathway of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the chloroplasts in spongy mesophyll cells?
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what is spongy mesophyll Informational
- Scattered light reaches more chloroplasts at lower intensities
- Store water, nutrients, and waste products
- Provides host cells with the necessary machinery for viral reproduction
- Direct light penetration is maximized at high intensities What is the relationship between the density of stomata on the lower epidermis and the structure of the spongy mesophyll?
- May contain cryoprotective substances
- Some studies suggest subtle effects on plant growth orientation How does the spongy mesophyll facilitate the establishment of mycorrhizal associations (in some specialized leaves of orchids)?
- Physical damage to cells and disruption of gas exchange
- Damage to enzymes and cell membranes
- No conclusive scientific evidence of significant biological impacts on plants
- No direct role in initiating gall formation What is the role of cellulose in the cell walls of spongy mesophyll cells?
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