How is standard deviation used in psychophysiology?

Positive imply that agents dislike positive forecast errors more than negative ones, and vice- versa, while. 0 yields the standard mean-squared-error (MSE) ... Mar 3, 2025 ... Tracking error: The standard deviation of the difference between the fund's returns and the benchmark's returns. This measures the volatility of ... Jan 22, 2024 ... We observe a significant reduction in the standard deviation of daily firm-specific returns when stocks are part of the index relative to ... In study populations of Caucasian postmenopausal women, a bone mineral density that was lower than 2.5 standard deviations (SD) of normal peak bone mass was ... Standard errors are provided in parentheses. There are four articles for which the quality class is unassigned. 16. Page 18 ... the standard deviation of the mean estimate from this data. Let. N = number of items in population n = number of items in sample f = n/N, the sampling ... All information is provided on an "as-is" basis for informational purposes only, and is not intended for actual trading purposes or market advice. Quote ... Stakes is defined as the standard deviation in expected out-of-pocket costs across plans in an individual's choice set. Standard errors clustered at the market ... Jan 10, 2024 ... ... informational value and that they generalize these predictions to ... standard deviation. Finally, we employed a Bayesian generalized ... example is centered at about one-half a standard deviation above the zero point. ... on FDOE's website provides standard setting information and resources for ...